From 1f754ed85dd8d791ccfb90543b65d3bef9f790bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hermes Agent <hermes@nousresearch.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Jul 2026 23:04:54 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] feat: add block-bootstrap backtest intervals

---
 backtesting/statistics.py         | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/test_backtest_statistics.py | 34 +++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 119 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 backtesting/statistics.py
 create mode 100644 tests/test_backtest_statistics.py

diff --git a/backtesting/statistics.py b/backtesting/statistics.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8817fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backtesting/statistics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""Statistical helpers for honest time-series backtest reporting."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+import random
+import statistics as stdlib_statistics
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+
+
+def _quantile(sorted_values: list[float], probability: float) -> float:
+    position = (len(sorted_values) - 1) * probability
+    lower = math.floor(position)
+    upper = math.ceil(position)
+    if lower == upper:
+        return sorted_values[lower]
+    fraction = position - lower
+    return sorted_values[lower] * (1 - fraction) + sorted_values[upper] * fraction
+
+
+def moving_block_bootstrap_ci(
+    values: Iterable[float],
+    *,
+    block_size: int = 30,
+    n_resamples: int = 1_000,
+    confidence: float = 0.95,
+    seed: int = 42,
+) -> dict[str, float | int]:
+    """Estimate a mean and CI while preserving local serial dependence."""
+    series = [float(value) for value in values]
+    if not series:
+        raise ValueError("values must not be empty")
+    if block_size < 1 or block_size > len(series):
+        raise ValueError("block_size must be between 1 and the number of values")
+    if n_resamples < 2:
+        raise ValueError("n_resamples must be at least 2")
+    if not 0 < confidence < 1:
+        raise ValueError("confidence must be between 0 and 1")
+
+    rng = random.Random(seed)
+    sample_means: list[float] = []
+    final_start = len(series) - block_size
+    for _ in range(n_resamples):
+        sample: list[float] = []
+        while len(sample) < len(series):
+            start = rng.randint(0, final_start)
+            sample.extend(series[start:start + block_size])
+        sample = sample[:len(series)]
+        sample_means.append(sum(sample) / len(sample))
+
+    sample_means.sort()
+    tail = (1 - confidence) / 2
+    return {
+        "estimate": sum(series) / len(series),
+        "ci_low": _quantile(sample_means, tail),
+        "ci_high": _quantile(sample_means, 1 - tail),
+        "n": len(series),
+    }
+
+
+def summarize_returns(
+    values: Iterable[float],
+    *,
+    block_size: int = 30,
+    n_resamples: int = 1_000,
+    confidence: float = 0.95,
+    seed: int = 42,
+) -> dict[str, float | int]:
+    """Summarize realized returns with an autocorrelation-aware mean CI."""
+    series = [float(value) for value in values]
+    interval = moving_block_bootstrap_ci(
+        series,
+        block_size=min(block_size, len(series)),
+        n_resamples=n_resamples,
+        confidence=confidence,
+        seed=seed,
+    )
+    return {
+        "n": len(series),
+        "mean": round(float(interval["estimate"]), 2),
+        "median": round(stdlib_statistics.median(series), 2),
+        "win_rate": round(sum(value > 0 for value in series) / len(series) * 100, 1),
+        "mean_ci_low": round(float(interval["ci_low"]), 2),
+        "mean_ci_high": round(float(interval["ci_high"]), 2),
+    }
diff --git a/tests/test_backtest_statistics.py b/tests/test_backtest_statistics.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7840342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_backtest_statistics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from backtesting import statistics
+
+
+def test_moving_block_bootstrap_is_deterministic_and_handles_constant_series():
+    first = statistics.moving_block_bootstrap_ci(
+        [12.5] * 120,
+        block_size=15,
+        n_resamples=200,
+        seed=7,
+    )
+    second = statistics.moving_block_bootstrap_ci(
+        [12.5] * 120,
+        block_size=15,
+        n_resamples=200,
+        seed=7,
+    )
+
+    assert first == second
+    assert first == {"estimate": 12.5, "ci_low": 12.5, "ci_high": 12.5, "n": 120}
+
+
+def test_summarize_returns_reports_observations_and_block_bootstrap_interval():
+    summary = statistics.summarize_returns(
+        [10.0, -5.0, 20.0, -10.0],
+        block_size=2,
+        n_resamples=200,
+        seed=3,
+    )
+
+    assert summary["n"] == 4
+    assert summary["mean"] == 3.75
+    assert summary["median"] == 2.5
+    assert summary["win_rate"] == 50.0
+    assert summary["mean_ci_low"] <= summary["mean"] <= summary["mean_ci_high"]